Structures
Journalism for Machine Users
A proof of concept to stop asking an AI agent to pretend to have hands and eyes
Pier Paolo Bozzano
I have adapted the modular pipeline to transform an article from the Guardian into a structured format built for AI Agents.
- The document strips 96% of noise. The actual article text is ~4,500 characters buried inside ~135,000 characters of HTML, CSS, scripts, and promotional widgets.
- The text replaces HTML tags with modules mapped to the Allan Bell news schema (e.g., Lead, Context, Event, Evaluation, Expectations, Reaction, Previous Episodes, Follow-up) and to modular journalism user information needs (e.g., what-is-the-problem, who-pays, what-is-the-data, what-assumptions-does-this-analysis-rely-on, who-is-responsible-for-this)
- The knowledge graph pre-resolves cross-paragraph dependencies (requires & responses)
- The journalist's narration statements are kept separate from source claims (narrated_claim, reported_claim, direct_quote) with explicit speaker attribution and credentials.
- Epistemic boundaries (uncertainties & limitations) are explicitly encoded, isolating relative temporal ambiguity (e.g., "this year or next", "Monday") and conditional scenarios so agents do not hallucinate.
- User effects from the modular journalism API are used to flag editorial framing (assessments)
Below is the snapshot of the run on the Guardian article with four outputs: Article context JSON for an AI agent to read directly, Linked evidence JSON for applications to retrieve and connect individual records, Compact JSON-LD to embed in an article’s HTML, and Linked JSON-LD for knowledge graphs.
NewsArticle · hasPart
Developing countries in limbo as rich nations delay new climate finance plans
21 atoms · 2 episodes
Episode 1
10 atoms
Episode 2
11 atoms
Atom 1LeadReview required · unverified
What is the problem?
Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.
Need evidence: Developing countries have been left in limbo
Journalistic narration · narration
Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.
Attribution evidence: Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.
Effects annotations
I will frame statements or events, giving an interpretation that supports a narrative
flag · low
The lead frames missing announcements as paralysis for recipients; later reporting distinguishes communication gaps from actual funding cuts.
Evidence: left in limbo
Atom 1 JSON
{
"@id": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay#source-426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592-atom-1-151",
"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.",
"@type": "Atom",
"slots": {},
"actors": [],
"actions": [],
"effects": [
{
"level": "flag",
"voice": "journalist",
"speaker": null,
"rhetoric": "Framing, Spin & Loaded Language",
"severity": "low",
"effect_id": "33",
"findingId": "effect-1-151-1",
"intention": "I will frame statements or events, giving an interpretation that supports a narrative",
"rationale": "The lead frames missing announcements as paralysis for recipients; later reporting distinguishes communication gaps from actual funding cuts.",
"confidence": 0.65,
"guard_hits": [],
"note_index": 1,
"evidenceScope": "within_atom",
"sourceSegment": {
"id": "1-151",
"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.",
"endChar": 151,
"startChar": 1
},
"evidence_spans": [
{
"text": "left in limbo",
"endChar": 45,
"startChar": 32
}
],
"metadataFlagId": "urn:effect:1b9da2be8c8d6504956c203d67007f8fe2e8837530f267932c010fb8e1519f7b",
"relatedAtomIds": [
"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay#source-426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592-atom-1-151"
],
"guard_assessment": "No catalog guards are supplied. Later discussion of unpublished targets supports the framing, while funding projections and government replies qualify the opening's sense of paralysis."
}
],
"endChar": 151,
"episode": 1,
"setting": null,
"bellRole": "Lead",
"isPartOf": {
"@id": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay#source-426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592"
},
"needSlug": "what-is-the-problem",
"position": 1,
"eventTime": null,
"needLabel": "What is the problem?",
"startChar": 1,
"structure": {
"id": "25",
"slug": "lead-bell",
"documentId": "25",
"publishedAt": null
},
"needStatus": "met",
"limitations": [],
"attributions": [
{
"kind": "narration",
"context": [],
"speaker": null,
"evidence": {
"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.",
"atomId": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay#source-426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592-atom-1-151",
"endChar": 151,
"startChar": 1
},
"statement": {
"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo by the failure of some of the world’s biggest economies to flesh out their plans for new climate finance.",
"atomId": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay#source-426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592-atom-1-151",
"endChar": 151,
"startChar": 1
},
"sourceType": "narration",
"contextStatus": "self_contained",
"attributionStatus": "inferred",
"verificationStatus": "unverified"
}
],
"dependencies": [],
"needEvidence": [
{
"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo",
"doc_end": 45,
"end_char": 44,
"doc_start": 1,
"start_char": 0
}
],
"newsFunction": "lead",
"effectsStatus": "complete",
"sourceVersion": "426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592",
"uncertainties": [],
"metadataFlagIds": [
"urn:effect:1b9da2be8c8d6504956c203d67007f8fe2e8837530f267932c010fb8e1519f7b"
],
"annotationStatus": "needs_review",
"verificationStatus": "unverified"
}21 passages · 26 statements · 75 evidence records
Article context JSON
{
"source": {
"id": "source_7617701eb3693eb330640fada75f3454",
"url": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay",
"type": "NewsArticle",
"sha256": "426d837092f890a4005c9159afed1f16bdf6cf9993e9687687ebe97d1f151592",
"authors": [
"Fiona Harvey"
],
"headline": "Developing countries in limbo as rich nations delay new climate finance plans",
"publisher": "Guardian",
"publishedAt": "2026-11-11",
"metadataStatus": "user_supplied_unverified"
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"text": "Developing countries have been left in limbo",
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]
}
],
"question": "What is the problem?"
},
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},
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]
}
],
"severity": "low",
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"verification": "unverified"
}
]
},
{
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"id": "who-pays",
"status": "met",
"evidence": [
{
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"text": "Poor countries are supposed to receive $300bn a year from the governments of industrialised nations by 2035",
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]
}
],
"question": "Who pays?"
},
"role": "Context",
"review": "unreviewed",
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"evidence": {
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"text": "Poor countries are supposed to receive $300bn a year from the governments of industrialised nations by 2035, along with about $1tn from other sources, to help them cope with the effects of extreme weather and shift to a low-carbon future.",
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]
}
],
"question": "What happened?"
},
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"actors": [
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],
"review": "required",
"actions": [
"have not set out their future climate-finance targets and plans"
],
"episode": 1,
"setting": "ahead of the expiry of current climate-finance plans",
"evidence": {
"id": "e7",
"text": "But many rich governments have not yet set out their targets and plans for providing climate finance beyond the end of this year or next.",
"passages": [
"p3"
]
},
"position": 3,
"requires": [],
"structure": {
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},
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},
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},
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}
],
"assessments": [],
"uncertainties": [
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]
},
{
"id": "p4",
"kind": "source_passage",
"need": {
"id": "is-there-an-economic-or-financial-impact",
"status": "met",
"evidence": [
{
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"text": "recipient countries cannot plan",
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"p4"
]
}
],
"question": "Is there an economic or financial impact?"
},
"role": "Evaluation",
"review": "required",
"episode": 1,
"evidence": {
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"text": "This gap is damaging because it means recipient countries cannot plan and makes it harder for them to attract private sector investment to supplement the public sector money.",
"passages": [
"p4"
]
},
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{
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"passage": "p3"
},
{
"reason": "Contains referent context for this statement.",
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}
],
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},
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Linked evidence JSON
{
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"url": "https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/nov/11/developing-countries-climate-finance-delay",
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"text": "But Thwaites said this was highly unlikely.\n\n“It’s unfortunate that they have been quite silent on this, however. If they would talk about it more, it would reassure the G77 [group of developing countries],” he said.",
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"text": "“fully committed to fulfil the obligation under the Paris Agreement, actively providing support to developing countries in climate action. This support is channelled through the Japan International Cooperation Agency, international organisations and climate funds including the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage. While Japan does not plan to announce any new financial pledges at present, this does not indicate any shift in our policy explained above. For example, Japan has committed up to 165 billion yen to the GCF’s second replenishment for the 2024–2027 period (GCF-2) and is steadily implementing this commitment.”",
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"text": "But many rich governments have not yet set out their targets and plans for providing climate finance beyond the end of this year or next. This gap is damaging because it means recipient countries cannot plan and makes it harder for them to attract private sector investment to supplement the public sector money.",
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